Gypsies During the Holocaust Timeline

The Gypsies (Roma and Sinti) are one of the forgotten victims of the Holocaust. The Nazis, in their strive, to rid the world of undesirables, targeted both Jews and Gypsies for extermination. Follow the path of persecution to mass slaughter in this timeline of what happened to the Gypsies during the Third Reich. 1899Alfred Dillmann establishes the Central Office for Fighting the Gypsy Nuisance in Munich. This office collected information and fingerprints of Gypsies. 1922Law in Baden requires Gypsies to carry special identification papers. 1926In Bavaria, the Law for the Combating the Gypsies, Travellers, and Work-Shy sent Gypsies over 16 to workhouses for two years if they could not prove regular employment. July 1933Gypsies sterilized under the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring. September 1935Gypsies included in the Nuremberg Laws (Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honor). July 1936400 Gypsies are rounded up in Bavaria and transported to the Dachau concentration camp. 1936The Racial Hygiene and Population Biology Research Unit of the Ministry of Health at Berlin-Dahlem are established, with Dr. Robert Ritter its director. This office interviewed, measured, studied, photographed, fingerprinted, and examined Gypsies in order to document them and create complete genealogical listings for every Gypsy. 1937Special concentration camps are created for Gypsies (Zigeunerlagers). November 1937Gypsies are excluded from the military. December 14, 1937Law Against Crime orders arrests of those who by anti-social behavior even if they have committed no crime have shown that they do not wish to fit into society. Summer 1938In Germany, 1,500 Gypsy men are sent to Dachau and 440 Gypsy women are sent to Ravensbrà ¼ck. December 8, 1938Heinrich Himmler issues a decree on the Fight Against the Gypsy Menace which states that the Gypsy problem will be treated as a matter of race. June 1939In Austria, a decree orders 2,000 to 3,000 Gypsies to be sent to concentration camps. October 17, 1939Reinhard Heydrich issues the Settlement Edict which prohibits Gypsies from leaving their homes or camping places. January 1940Dr. Ritter reports that Gypsies have mixed with asocials and recommends to have them kept in labor camps and to stop their breeding. January 30, 1940A conference organized by Heydrich in Berlin decides to remove 30,000 Gypsies to Poland. Spring 1940Deportations of Gypsies begins from the Reich to the Generalgouvernment. October 1940Deportation of Gypsies temporarily halted. Fall 1941Thousands of Gypsies murdered at Babi Yar. October to November, 19415,000 Austrian Gypsies, including 2,600 children, deported to the Lodz Ghetto. December 1941Einsatzgruppen D shoots 800 Gypsies in Simferopol (Crimea). January 1942The surviving Gypsies within the Lodz Ghetto are deported to the Chelmno death camp and killed. Summer 1942Probably about this time when decision was made to annihilate the Gypsies.1 October 13, 1942Nine Gypsy representatives appointed to make lists of pure Sinti and Lalleri to be saved. Only three of the nine had completed their lists by the time deportations began. The end result was that the lists didnt matter - Gypsies on the lists were also deported. December 3, 1942Martin Bormann writes to Himmler against the special treatment of pure Gypsies. December 16, 1942Himmler gives the order for all German Gypsies to be sent to Auschwitz. January 29, 1943RSHA announces the regulations for the implementation of deporting Gypsies to Auschwitz. February 1943Family camp for Gypsies constructed in Auschwitz II, section BIIe. February 26, 1943The first transport of Gypsies delivered to the Gypsy Camp in Auschwitz. March 29, 1943Himmler orders all Dutch Gypsies to be sent to Auschwitz. Spring 1944All attempts to save pure Gypsies has been forgotten.2 April 1944Those Gypsies that are fit for work are selected in Auschwitz and sent to other camps. August 2-3, 1944Zigeunernacht (Night of the Gypsies): All Gypsies who remained in Auschwitz were gassed. Notes: 1. Donald Kenrick and Grattan Puxon, The Destiny of Europes Gypsies (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1972) 86.2. Kenrick, Destiny 94.

The Causes of the Salem Witch Trials (DBQ) - 1337 Words

Living as we do in the 20th century, the charges imposed on people throughout New England during the 1680s and 1690s seem preposterous. Any behavior regarded as strange by fellow citizens was sufficient to hold a trial with a sentence of death. Though such scenarios seem unfathomable in our modern culture, it was a reality for hundreds of New England settlers. The causes of the famous outbreak of witch trials in Salem, Massachusetts are rooted in social, economic, and political aspects of the late 17th century Salem community. Early New Englanders were unable to accept the increase in diversity and the break in tradition that occurred between generations. This, in addition to various unappealing events which occurred throughout the late†¦show more content†¦She is described to be keeping refreshments for travelers and entertaining guests. In addition she wears bright and colorful clothing, which is seen as scandalous to the Puritan community of New England. Bridget s liveliness and happiness are foreign to the Puritan ideals of menial, hard work. Mrs. Bishop is noted by Reverend Hale, the local minister, as being a dangerous and corrupt influence to youths (Document H). Bridget Bishop is a middle-aged woman, andShow MoreRelatedThe Causes Of The Salem Witch Trials Of 1692700 Words   |  3 PagesSalem Witch Trials DBQ   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How would you feel if your life was ruined just because you were considered unfit for society? This is exactly what was going on during the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. Prior to the trials, there were witch hunts that caused global unease mainly to Protestant societies. King Philip’s War also contributed to this unease by pushing people from the east coast and into Puritan towns. These towns had misogynistic male leadership, depriving many people of humanity becauseRead MoreAnalysis Of Rosalyn Schanzer s Witches992 Words   |  4 PagesIn Rosalyn Schanzer’s Witches! The Absolutely True Tale of Disaster in Salem, the Salem Witch trials took place. What happened in Salem was something horrible, they hanged 19 innocent people for witchcraft and 1 was pressed to death. the hangings were on Gallows Hill. Not only that, but 200 people were accused. The Trials were Awful, so many lies told. Mothers accused children, and they did the same. Brothers accused brothers, and etcetera. Yet the aftermath was probably just as bad. People diedRead MoreAp Euro Witchcraft Dbq1133 Words   |  5 PagesWitchcraft DBQ (Many of the people who were persecuted as witches from the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries were those of a seemingly inferior mindset, those who are blamed for problems in the community and those who were social outcasts.) This time period occurred throughout the Protestant, Catholic and Scientific revolutions. The victims of the witch trials were usually persecuted in Europe as a whole however focused on areas like South Western Europe. Witches were usually people who were

Alices Adventures in Wonderland Hunger, Dominance, and Undesirability Free Essays

Hunger, Dominance, and Undesirability Lewis Carroll’s fairy tale, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, written in 1865, fuels the stereotype of how girls are required to be petite, feminine, and submissive to men through Alice’s eating habits, the contrast between young Alice and older women characters, male control, and Alice’s behaviour at the end of the story. This influences the minds of young audience members who read Carroll’s work instills the idea that in order to be beautiful, a girl must control her desire to eat and never overpower the men they associate with. In Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, the author targets the importance of a woman’s size and how food consumption influences femininity and desirability. We will write a custom essay sample on Alices Adventures in Wonderland: Hunger, Dominance, and Undesirability or any similar topic only for you Order Now During the story, Alice is exposed to various situations involving food and beverages. Carroll’s first introduction on the emphasis on Alice’s size, is when she is falling down the rabbit hole and she sees a jar labelled â€Å"Orange Marmalade†. When she grabs the jar, she finds that there is nothing inside. This is an early indication that unless Alice is instructed to satisfy her hunger,she must not indulge her desires or her level of perfection will decrease. Throughout the story, Alice is then exposed to bottles and foods that are labelled â€Å"Eat Me† or â€Å"Drink Me. † Without hesitation, she ingests the products with labels. Alice’s petiteness, and thus her beauty, come directly from her eating and drinking habits. Only when she is allowed to eat, does her body undergo positive Brewer 2 changes. These positive changes lead her to experience new adventures and improve her education, which is another noticeable attribute in the tale. Anna Helle-Valle and Per-Elinar Binder argue that â€Å"the body is central to self-experience† and to Alice, the size of her body determines what she is able to do and how she sees herself (Helle-Valle and Binder 4). The Caterpillar in Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, offers insight into the ideal of size. The extreme changes in size damages one’s self identity. Alice shares her confusion with the Caterpillar during their first meeting: â€Å"I’m not myself, you see-being so many different sizes in a day is very confusing† (81). The Caterpillar forces her to say who she is, but because of her recent changes in size, she is not able to say who she believes herself to be. Size is critical to one’s understanding of the self, and Carroll’s Alice struggles with understanding that a small size is important. In a societal context, Alice represents what a girl should be: petite and feminine. However, she expresses her concern for her small size during a conversation with the Caterpillar. The Caterpillar is the male authoritarian figure in the section and is furious with her concern. He then informs Alice that three inches is, in fact, a â€Å"good height to be† (84). The Caterpillar forces Alice to be comfortable with herself, for being any larger causes her to be less desirable to her new found dominant male figure. The Caterpillar’s statement offers no argument, and Alice’s perfect and submissive attitude cause her to listen to the dominant with no complaint. In Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland is the idea that female sexuality consists of the importance of curiosity and politeness, and a submissive attitude: this is due to Carroll’s desires and the Victorian beliefs. In the story, Alice’s character is that of an ideal girl, and her curiosity often leads to find new and exciting ventures in Wonderland. The reason that Alice is able to experience Wonderland is because of her curious nature that led her to tumble down the rabbit Brewer 3 hole. Jennifer Geer contends that Alice’s manners, as well as the want to impress the creatures in Wonderland, comes from the moral implication of Victorian literature (Geer 2). The literature in the 1800s centers on politeness and manners, which Alice offers to all of the creatures and people in Wonderland. One of the most positive attributes that female sexuality should possess is a submissive female attitude. Through the fairy tale, mature female sexuality is portrayed as â€Å"frightening and destructive† (Garland 2). This is evident through the Queen of Hearts and her influence on the King of Heart’s behaviour. The Queen in Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, is in direct opposition of Alice’s character. Where Alice is the ideal, polite and petite, the Queen is aggressive and large in stature. The ‘suit’ of hearts, that the Queen has cloaked herself in, is in no coincidence the colour red, for this is often associated with a tumultuous and confident sexuality. In Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, the colour red is given a negative connotation by the Queen’s negative attitude. She often thunders the expression â€Å"off with their head†, and Garland explains that this is the Queen’s desire of male castration (Garland 8). The dislike for female domination is evident in the literature of the time, as well as the ideas of Sigmund Freud. The Queen’s concern with castration would be comparable to the worry of female authority in society. The Queen, once again, expresses undesirability by her heavy weight and yearning for tarts. It affects her personality, and makes her become evil and arrogant, thus making her unwanted and a threat to male competence. Her desire for male subordination and ugly nature, is the author’s way to sway female readers to keep their aggressiveness at bay. An aggressive female not only creates shame for manhood, but does not correspond with the ideologies of those living in Mid-Victorian times when Carroll wrote Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. The effect of a dominant female is shown in the King of Hearts. The Queen of Brewer 4 Hearts’ husband is constantly being forced to carry out her will and listen to her often violent demands. The King of Hearts, because of his treatment by the Queen, is weak and submissive and thus, has nothing to offer. The ideal for male dominance is expressed by the male superiors that control Alice. When she is instructed to take food or beverages, it is either done by no director or a male authoritarian figure. The King would never offer instruction to a female and simply just follows demands made by the Queen. In Mid-Victorian times, the latter was not acceptable behaviour. Geer claims that in the Victorian era, the adult world belongs to the male whereas a woman’s world should be entirely dedicated to motherhood (Geer 14). In Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, Carroll chooses the Duchess to be the antagonist to this position. The Duchess is characterized as a mother who continually causes harm to her child due to her aggressive nature and desire to eat. She often brings food into situations where it is not applicable, and in Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, it is directly linked to why she is a neglectful mother and horrible woman. The ideas that women lose their desirability and femininity when they are not submissive to their male counterparts and when their lives are not dedicated to the raising of a family are shown through the aggressive nature of the Queen and the Duchess, and ultimately Alice’s fall into barbaric womanhood. Throughout Carroll’s story, Alice is everything that a mature woman should be. She is polite, kind, submissive, and has control over her desire to eat. She would take direction from the Mouse, the Caterpillar, the Queen and the Duchess without hesitation. However, during the trial scene of the tale, her fate of womanhood is foreshadowed. During the trial, Alice begins to Brewer 5 take notice of the food that was in the jury room. She immediately begins to feel herself becoming larger. When her name was called to take the stand during the trial, the King politely informs Alice that she will not be able to take her seat due to her enlarged size. However, she refuses to entertain the meek King’s instruction. Alice continues to grow and becomes more arrogant and the Queen is forced to order her execution. In the beginning of the fairy tale, Alice is a petite and beautiful girl, but the desire for food turned her into a rude and undesirable woman. Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland not only is influenced by the beliefs of the people living in the Mid-Victorian era, but also by the belief that eating causes inferiority. In the twenty-first century, the image of beauty is causing women of all ages to be concerned with becoming large and undesirable, and Carroll’s story only encourages the overwhelming concern by idealizing petite Alice, creating a grotesque image of large women, and how male authoritarianism should control womanhood. Alice’s fall from grace as she grows larger reinstates that belief and influences readers that to be feminine, one must never become too large and forget the role that Carroll had wanted for women in society. Brewer 6 Work Cited Carroll, Lewis. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Sam’l Gabriel Sons and Company New York, 1916. Electronic. 02. Nov. 2012 Garland, Carina. â€Å"Curious Appetites: Food, Desire, Gender and Subjectivity in Lewis Carroll’s Alice Texts†. Lion and the Unicorn 32. 1 (2008): 22-39. Academic Search Premier. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. Geer, Jennifer. â€Å"All Sorts of Pitfalls and Surprises: Competing Views of Idealized Girlhood in Lewis Carroll’s Alice Books. † Children’s Literature 31 (2003): 1-24. Professional Development Collection. Web. 30. Oct. 2012. Helle-Valle, Anna and Per-Elinar Binder. â€Å"In Wonderland: A Phenomenological, Developmental and Self Psychological Analysis of a Child’s Playful Encounter with a New Reality. † Nordic Psychology 61. 2 (2009): 16-28. PsycARTICLES. Web. 30. Oct. 2012. How to cite Alices Adventures in Wonderland: Hunger, Dominance, and Undesirability, Papers

Death of Salesman Essay Example For Students

Death of Salesman Essay Death of a Salesman and The PriceWhen people accept an ideal to live by it can be a glorious and noble thing unless they become so obsessed with the the ideal that it becomes a yolk and they are unable to realize their dream. This is especially true for two characters in Arthur Millers plays Death of a Salesman and The Price. In these two plays Miller portays two lower-middle class men , Willie Loman and Victor Franz, respectivelly, who each live by an ideal that ultimately is self-defeating. Willie lived to pursue the American dream rather than living the American dream and Victor lived to serve and be decent rather than living a noble and decent life. They pursed their ideal rather than living it and thus they are unable to succeed. Willie Loman, in Death of a Salesman,, has lived his life in pursuit of the American dream. Traditionally the American dreammeant oppurtunity and freedom for all, and Willie believed that. We will write a custom essay on Death of Salesman specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now However, hard work could not earn him everything that he wanted or thoght he deserved. Willy judged himsel and those arround him by theit material accumulation, as is demanded by capitalism and the protestant work ethic. The ethic demands accumulation and work as signs of favor in the eyes of god. Thus in order to please god and himself he had to accumulate wealth and objects. The consumer oriented society in which Willy lives will not allow him to live the American Dream. Willy is fascinated by accumulating things. His desire fior goods makes him want objects that he neither needed nor could afford. Willy thinks that he needs to buy his wife a new refrigerator and new stockingseven though she is content with what they have. As he tries to live the American dream he venerates those who have been successful at doing so, like Thomas Edison, B.F. Goodrich, and Ben, his succesful brother. Furetheremore he punished those who did not work towards that ideal or accomplish it ,such as Biff, his son, and most importantly himself. The extreme to which he followed the dream brought him to disallusionment and lose sense of reality. Willy created a reality for himself where he knocked em cold in Providence, and slaughtered em in Boston.(p.33) The ultimate result of his disallusionment is his suicide. It is ironic that he dies for his ideals although they are misconstrued. The problem with Willys ideals which ultimately kills him is that he has lost sight of achieving the true goal of the AmericanDream, happiness and freedom, and the dream took control of him. He struggled to achieve something that he could not; he did not have the talent to be a salesman. He became so obsessed with living the dream that he was unable to be content with his talents in carpentry and with his family. There is also a manner in which he pusues the Dream. He is a salesman, a profession that is associated with trickery and illusion. He could not pusue a noble dream by doing something that is based in deceit. His quest was cursed from the start and the fact that he lived the quest and not the dream made it worse. Similarly in Millers The Price the main character is a man who tries to life for an ideal and not the ideal . In The Price Victorbecomes so obsessed with sacrificing for others that he ultimately fails to please himself . By not achieving for himself he hurtsthose he is trying to help, his family. Victor devoted his life to serving others at an early age. .uc5f824dab4a88f23429239798427cd8d , .uc5f824dab4a88f23429239798427cd8d .postImageUrl , .uc5f824dab4a88f23429239798427cd8d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc5f824dab4a88f23429239798427cd8d , .uc5f824dab4a88f23429239798427cd8d:hover , .uc5f824dab4a88f23429239798427cd8d:visited , .uc5f824dab4a88f23429239798427cd8d:active { border:0!important; } .uc5f824dab4a88f23429239798427cd8d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc5f824dab4a88f23429239798427cd8d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc5f824dab4a88f23429239798427cd8d:active , .uc5f824dab4a88f23429239798427cd8d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc5f824dab4a88f23429239798427cd8d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc5f824dab4a88f23429239798427cd8d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc5f824dab4a88f23429239798427cd8d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc5f824dab4a88f23429239798427cd8d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc5f824dab4a88f23429239798427cd8d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc5f824dab4a88f23429239798427cd8d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc5f824dab4a88f23429239798427cd8d .uc5f824dab4a88f23429239798427cd8d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc5f824dab4a88f23429239798427cd8d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gender Equality And Gender Discrimination Essay When he was younger he went to the police academy, a profession that is marked by self- sacrifice for others. Furtheremore he put his brother through medical school even though Victor had more potential in the field. While his brother Walter was in school Victor cared for their aging father at a great expense to Victor econimically and emotionally. During the time period portrayed by the play Victor is still selfless as he constantly calls tries to make arrangements to include his brother in the business deal to sell off their families estate. Although Walter does not return Victors numerous phone calls Victor still refuses to rake the whole amount of money for himself although no one would blame him for doing so. He has a greater need for that money and deserves it, for all hisearlier sacrifices for Walters sake, but he will not take it. With all that sacrifice one would assume that Victors family would bepleased however his sacrifices hurt them greatly. Those that he was sacrificing most are hurt most in the end. That is to say that his inability to please himself and to struggle to achieve his goals hurts his family. His wife Esther becomes disgusted by his inability to achieve and his not pusuing medicine caused him to remain a part of the lower- middle working class. Just as Willy does, Victor too, adopts a quest for himself however, he pursues that quest to the point that he loses sight of his original goal to please others, and ends up hurting them. Both men have decent and noble intentions however, they both live to fulfill those intentions rather than living and fulfilling theintentions. As a result they both fail to accomplish what they had intended, hurt the ones they love, and themselves. Willys obsession with acquiring wealth and being a salesman made it impossible for him to do so. Victors insistence on helping others made it impossibe for him to provide the life his wife wanted and deserved . Both men failed because the became so involved in living by impossible standards that they could never reach them and failure has harsh penaltis in both circumstances.